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Fish and chips is a hot dish of English origin,〔 consisting of battered fish, and chips. It is a common take-away food. ==History== (詳細はworking classes in England as a consequence of the rapid development of trawl fishing in the North Sea, and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century, which meant that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the heavily populated areas. Deep-fried fish was first introduced into England during the 16th century by Jewish refugees from Portugal and Spain, and is derived from pescado frito. Battered fish used in fish and chips is not exactly the same as pescado frito, which is fish dipped into flour, battered fish is first coated in flour then dipped into a batter consisting of flour mixed with liquid, usually water but sometimes beer. Some newer modifications to the recipe may have cornflour added, and instead of beer sometimes soda water is added. 〔http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/chips-in-north-are-the-best-909994〕 In 1860, the first fish and chip shop was opened in London by Joseph Malin. Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Dickens' ''A Tale of Two Cities'' (published in 1859): "Husky chips of potatoes, fried with some reluctant drops of oil". The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" or "chipper" in modern English slang) originated in the United Kingdom, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe. Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter behind which the fryers are located. During World War II fish and chips remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom not subject to rationing. British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers, but this practice largely ceased as a result of a European Union directives,〔(Do chip shops still wrap in newspaper )〕〔(FSA: Materials and Articles in Contact with Food )〕 with plain paper, cardboard or plastic being used instead. In the United Kingdom the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003〔 (equivalent similarly-named legislation applies in other countries of the UK)〕 and in Ireland the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003 respectively enact directive 2065/2001/EC, and generally mean that "fish" must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named; so "cod and chips" now appears on menus rather than the more vague "fish and chips". In the United Kingdom the Food Standards Agency guidance excludes caterers from this;〔 (Section A.2)〕 but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it cannot be sold merely as "fish and chips". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fish and chips」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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