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:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)
:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.
''Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.
Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.〔FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)〕
==Description and ecology==
Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.
It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.〔Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)〕
The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.〔Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)〕
The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.〔Fullard & Napoleone (2001)〕
The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").〔Woodhouse (1910)〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.'''''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
'Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)
:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.
''Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.
Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.〔FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)〕
==Description and ecology==
Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.
It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.〔Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)〕
The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.〔Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)〕
The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.〔Fullard & Napoleone (2001)〕
The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").〔Woodhouse (1910)〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.'''''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)
:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.
''Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.
Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.〔FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)〕
==Description and ecology==
Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.
It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.〔Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)〕
The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.〔Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)〕
The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.〔Fullard & Napoleone (2001)〕
The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").〔Woodhouse (1910)〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.'''''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
'Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.'''''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.'''''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
'Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)">ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.'''''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)">ウィキペディアで「:Eucorna'' and ''Lamprosia'' redirect here. For the metalmark butterfly and arctiid moth genera, respectively, see ''Voltinia (butterfly)'' and ''Lamprosiella.''Catocala''''' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
'Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the Erebidae family. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)==Description and ecology==Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical foodplants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval foodplants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other foodplants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)」の詳細全文を読む
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