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The Canellaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Canellales.〔Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2〕 The order includes only one other family, the Winteraceae.〔Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Canellaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)〕 Canellaceae is native to the Afrotropic and Neotropic ecozones. They are small to medium trees, rarely shrubs, evergreen and aromatic.〔Vernon H. Heywood (with David J. Mabberley). 2007. "Canellaceae" page 84. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.〕 The flowers and fruit are often red. Several species of Canellaceae are important in herbal medicine or as a substitute for cinnamon. ''Canella winterana'' is the only species known in cultivation.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕 The family is divided into five genera,〔Klaus Kubitzki. 1993. "Canellaceae". pages 200-203. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany / New York, US. ISBN 978-3-540-55509-4 (Berlin) ISBN 978-0-387-55509-6 (New York)〕 but studies of DNA sequences have indicated one of these genera should be split.〔Jackeline Salazar and Kevin Nixon. 2008. "New Discoveries in the Canellaceae in the Antilles: How Phylogeny Can Support Taxonomy". ''Botanical Review'' 74(1):103-111. 〕 These genera together comprise about 25 species. In the Greater Antilles, many of these species are rare and restricted to small ranges. As of 2008, five of the species were newly recognized and not yet named.〔 == Description == The following description is almost entirely from three sources,〔〔〔Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009), pages xxxvi & 31. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9609-9. (see ''External links'' below)〕 but with some information from previous versions of the article. * These trees, rarely shrubs, are evergreen and glabrous. * The stems have nodes with three (rarely two) leaf gaps and three leaf traces. The xylem has narrow rays. The bark is aromatic, with prominent and unusual appearing lenticels. * The leaves have a peppery taste, are alternate, spiral, or distichous in arrangement, simple, entire, coriaceous, petiolate, pinnately nerved, without stipules, with translucent (pellucid) glands. The parenchyma is without palisade layer in ''Pleodendron'' and ''Canella''. The stomata are paracytic in American genera, and anomocytic in the Old World. * The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, in a panicle (''Canella'') or a raceme; otherwise, the flowers are solitary (by reduction) and axillary. * The flowers are actinomorphic, hypogynous, and usually trimerous. The receptacles are barely excavated, and the hypogynous disc is absent. * The three (rarely 2) sepals are thick, coriaceous, and imbricate. * The petals number (4-)5-12, in 1-2 (-4) unlike whorls or spirally arranged, slender, imbricate in bud, usually free (connate at the base in ''Canella'' and halfway to the apex in ''Cinnamosma''). * The androecium is monadelphous, adnate to the ovary. Stamens number 6-12, apparently derived from the fusion of two whorls in ''Warburgia'' and ''Canella''. Anthers are extrorse and bithecal, with two sporangia per theca, attached to the outside of the staminal tube, and sessile; dehiscence is by a longitudinal slit, connective not projecting beyond thecae or only slightly so. * The gynoecium is syncarpous. The ovary has two to six carpels, unilocular and superior. The style is short and thick; the stigma is apical and capitate, with two to six lobes. Placentation is parietal. Ovules number from two to many in one or two rows on each of the two to six placentas; they are hemianatropous to campylotropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. * The fruit is a berry with a persistent calyx, with two or more seeds. ''Cinnamosma macrocarpa'', in the Madagascan genus ''Cinnamosma'', has the largest fruit in the family, sometimes reaching by . * Seeds have exotestae (the outer layer of the testa) only; the tegmen (the inner layer of the testa) is collapsed. The seed coat has oily idioblasts; the endosperm is abundant and oily (ruminate in ''Cinnamosma''). The embryo is small and straight to slightly curved, with two cotyledons. * Pollen occurs in monads, and is delicate and monosulcate (usually with 10% of the grain trichotomosulcate); apertures are distal, exine, generally tectate, and granular, intectate, and reticulate in ''Cinnamosma''; grains are small and hardly ornamented in ''Cinnamodendron'' and ''Warburgia'', largest and most highly decorated in ''Canella'' and ''Pleodendron''. The pollen is generally similar to that of the Myristicaceae, which had at one time caused some systematists to believe the two families were closely related. * The chromosome number ''2n'' is 22, 26, or 28.〔Friedrich Ehrendorfer and Maria Lambrou. 2000. "Chromosomes of ''Takhtajania'', other Winteraceae, and Canellaceae: phylogenetic implications". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 87(3):407-413.〕 Synapomorphies for Canellaceae include monadelphous stamens, parietal placentation, and campylotropous ovules.〔 Other notable traits include the conspicuous lenticels, the aromatic bark, the peppery taste of the leaves, the three (rarely two) fleshy sepals, and the berry with reniform seeds.〔 Some sources indicate ''Cinnamodendron'' has 20-40 stamens, contrary to the sources that are regarded here as reliable. The very large stamen numbers (20 to 40), are probably counts of thecae or microsporangia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canellaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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