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Bird-of-paradise : ウィキペディア英語版
Bird-of-paradise

The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and eastern Australia. The family has 41 species in 14 genera.〔Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2012. IOC World Bird Names (v 3.2). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org (13 Jan 2013 ).〕 The members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage of the males of the sexually dimorphic species (the majority), in particular the highly elongated and elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings, tail or head. For the most part they are confined to dense rainforest habitat. The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser extent arthropods. The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek-type polygamy.
A number of species are threatened by hunting and habitat loss.''
==Taxonomy and systematics==
For many years the birds-of-paradise were treated as being closely related to the bowerbirds. Today while both are treated as being part of the Australasian lineage Corvida, the two are now only thought to be distantly related. The closest evolutionary relatives of the birds-of-paradise are the crow and jay family Corvidae, the monarch flycatchers Monarchidae and the Australian mudnesters Struthideidae.〔
A 2009 study examining the mitochondrial DNA of all species to examine the relationships within the family and to its nearest relatives estimated that the family emerged 24 million years ago, older than previous estimates. The study identified five clades within the family, and placed the split between the first clade, which contains the monogamous manucodes and paradise-crow, and all the other birds-of-paradise, to be 10 million years ago. The second clade includes the parotias and the King of Saxony bird-of-paradise. The third clade provisionally contains a number of genera, ''Seleucidis'', the ''Drepanornis'' sicklebills, ''Semioptera'', ''Ptiloris'' and ''Lophorina'', but support values for some of these is inclusions is low. The fourth clade includes the ''Epimachus'' sicklebills, ''Paradigalla'' and the astrapias. The final clade includes the ''Cicinnurus'' and the ''Paradisaea'' birds-of-paradise.
The exact limits of the family have been the subject of revision as well. The three species of satinbird (the genera ''Cnemophilus'' and ''Loboparadisea'') were treated as a subfamily of the birds-of-paradise, Cnemophilinae. In spite of differences in the mouth, foot morphology and nesting habits they remained in the family until a 2000 study moved them to a separate family closer to the berrypeckers and longbills (Melanocharitidae).〔
〕 The same study found that the Macgregor's bird-of-paradise was actually a member of the large Australasian honeyeater family. In addition to these three species, a number of systematically enigmatic species and genera have been considered potential members of this family. The two species in the genus ''Melampitta'', also from New Guinea, have been linked with the birds-of-paradise,〔Sibley, . & Ahlquist, J. (1987). "The Lesser Melampitta is a Bird of Paradise" ''Emu'' 87: 66–68〕 but their relationships remain uncertain, more recently being linked with the Australian mudnesters.〔 The silktail of Fiji has been linked with the birds-of-paradise many times since its discovery, but never formally assigned to the family. Recent molecular evidence now places the species with the fantails.
===Species===
genus: ''Lycocorax''
:
* Paradise-crow, ''Lycocorax pyrrhopterus''
genus: ''Manucodia''
:
* Glossy-mantled manucode, ''Manucodia ater''
:
* Jobi manucode, ''Manucodia jobiensis''
:
* Crinkle-collared manucode, ''Manucodia chalybatus''
:
* Curl-crested manucode, ''Manucodia comrii''
genus: ''Phonygammus''
:
* Trumpet manucode, ''Phonygammus keraudrenii''
genus: ''Paradigalla''
:
* Long-tailed paradigalla, ''Paradigalla carunculata''
:
* Short-tailed paradigalla, ''Paradigalla brevicauda''
genus: ''Astrapia''
:
* Arfak astrapia, ''Astrapia nigra''
:
* Splendid astrapia, ''Astrapia splendidissima''
:
* Ribbon-tailed astrapia, ''Astrapia mayeri''
:
* Princess Stephanie's astrapia, ''Astrapia stephaniae''
:
* Huon astrapia, ''Astrapia rothschildi''
genus: ''Parotia''
:
* Western parotia, ''Parotia sefilata''
:
* Queen Carola's parotia, ''Parotia carolae''
:
* Bronze parotia, ''Parotia berlepschi''
:
* Lawes's parotia, ''Parotia lawesii''
:
* Eastern parotia, ''Parotia helenae''
:
* Wahnes's parotia, ''Parotia wahnesi''
genus: ''Pteridophora''
:
* King of Saxony bird-of-paradise, ''Pteridophora alberti''
genus: ''Lophorina''
:
* Superb bird-of-paradise, ''Lophorina superba''
genus: ''Ptiloris''
:subgenus: ''Craspedophora''
::
* Magnificent riflebird, ''Ptiloris magnificus''
:subgenus: ''Ptiloris''
::
* Growling riflebird, ''Ptiloris intercedens''
::
* Paradise riflebird, ''Ptiloris paradiseus''
::
* Victoria's riflebird, ''Ptiloris victoriae''
genus: ''Epimachus''
:
* Black sicklebill, ''Epimachus fastuosus''
:
* Brown sicklebill, ''Epimachus meyeri''
genus: ''Drepanornis''
:
* Black-billed sicklebill, ''Drepanornis albertisi''
:
* Pale-billed sicklebill, ''Drepanornis bruijnii''
genus: ''Cicinnurus''
:subgenus: ''Diphyllodes''
::
* Magnificent bird-of-paradise, ''Cicinnurus magnificus''
::
* Wilson's bird-of-paradise, ''Cicinnurus respublica''
:subgenus: ''Cicinnurus''
::
* King bird-of-paradise, ''Cicinnurus regius''
genus: ''Semioptera''
:
* Standardwing, ''Semioptera wallacii''
genus: ''Seleucidis''
:
* Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise, ''Seleucidis melanoleucus''
genus: ''Paradisaea''
:subgenus: ''Paradisaea''
::
* Lesser bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea minor''
::
* Greater bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea apoda''
::
* Raggiana bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea raggiana''
::
* Goldie's bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea decora''
::
* Red bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea rubra''
::
* Emperor bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea guilielmi''
:subgenus: ''Paradisornis''
::
* Blue bird-of-paradise, ''Paradisaea rudolphi''

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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