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Balkenkreuz : ウィキペディア英語版
Balkenkreuz

The ''Balkenkreuz'' is a straight-armed cross that was the emblem of the ''Wehrmacht'' (German Armed Forces) and its branches in World War II. It was used by the ''Heer'' (Army), ''Luftwaffe'' (Air Force), and ''Kriegsmarine'' (Navy).
German ''Balken'' refers to a wooden beam or girder, yielding a translation of ''Balkenkreuz'' as "beam cross" or "bar cross" or "balk cross".
The name is sometimes rendered - incorrectly - as "Balkan Cross" in English.〔John Cochrane, Stuart Elliott, ''Military Aircraft Insignia of the World'', Naval Institute Press, 1998, p. 50.〕
==History==

It was first adopted in mid-April 1918 by the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of World War I Germany, only about a week before the death of Manfred von Richthofen, and used from that time to the end of World War I. The IdFlieg directive of 20 March 1918 to all manufacturers states in the first sentence, translated to English: "To improve the recognition of our aircraft, the following is ordered:"-... IN PARAGRAPH 2., second sentence: "This alteration is to be carried out by 15 April 1918." The closing sentence reads: "Order 41390 is to be speedily executed."
Its use resumed, with new standardized dimensions from the beginning of the Third Reich's ''Luftwaffe'' in 1935, as part of the new ''Wehrmacht'' unified German military forces founded in mid-March 1935. As seen on German armored fighting vehicles during the Invasion of Poland, a plain white cross was used for such vehicles, but before the onset of Operation Weserübung, the black core cross with white "flanks" that the Luftwaffe used was the basic German AFV national insignia for the rest of the war.
The ''Luftwaffe'' would use two specifications for the ''Balkenkreuz'', one with narrower white "flanks" on upper wing surfaces - before July 1939, it was used in all six regular positions on an airframe - and one with wider white "flanks" surrounding the same width (25% wide as long from end to end for both versions) central black cross beneath the wings and on the fuselage sides of German military aircraft during the war years.
Late in the war, it was increasingly common for the ''Balkenkreuz'' national insignia to be painted on without the black-color "core cross", using only the quartet of right-angled "flanks" for its form to reduce its visibility - this could be done in either white or black, and with both the narrow and wide-flank forms of the cross.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
ウィキペディアで「Balkenkreuz」の詳細全文を読む



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